第三章
作者:(战国)庄周 |
字数:26614
4仆役统治
Servocracy
在印度历史上,奴隶王朝不是一个快乐朝代。回到我自己的仆人统治的一段生命史中,我找不出在那时期有什么光荣或者快乐的事情。国王常常更换,而折磨我们的拘禁和责罚的法规却一成不变。我们在那时期没有机会在这个题目上作哲理的探索!我们的脊背竭力忍受着落在上面的打击:我们把它当作宇宙的规程承受了下来,就是说“大的”要打人,“小的”要挨打。我花了很多时间才学到相反的真理,就是“大的”要受苦,而“小的”是使人受苦的根源。
InthehistoryofIndiatheregimeoftheSlaveDynastywasnotahappyone.Ingoingbacktothereignoftheservantsinmyownlife’shistoryIcanfindnothinggloriousorcheerfultouchingtheperiod.Therewerefrequentchangesofking,butneveravariationinthecodeofrestraintsandpunishmentswithwhichwewereafflicted.We,however,hadnoopportunityatthetimeforphilosophisingonthesubject;ourbacksboreasbesttheycouldtheblowswhichbefellthem:andweacceptedasoneofthelawsoftheuniversethatitisfortheBigtohurtandfortheSmalltobehurt.IthastakenmealongtimetolearntheoppositetruththatitistheBigwhosufferandtheSmallwhocausesuffering.
被猎取的不站在猎人的立场上去看善恶。因此那警戒的鸟,在子弹发出以前,警告它同伴的啼声,会被骂为恶意的。挨打的时候,我们的号哭就不被打我们的人认为是礼貌;它事实上算是对于仆役统治的**。我忘不了为了有效地镇压这种**,我们的头曾被撞在当时用着的大水罐上。无疑地,这种呼号对于引起呼号的人是讨厌的;而且很可能有不愉快的结果。
Thequarrydoesnotviewvirtueandvicefromthestandpointofthehunter.Thatiswhythealertbird,whosecrywarnsitsfellowsbeforetheshothassped,getsabusedasvicious.Wehowledwhenwewerebeaten,whichourchastisersdidnotconsidergoodmanners;itwasinfactcountedseditionagainsttheservocracy.Icannotforgethow,inordereffectivelytosuppresssuchsedition,ourheadsusedtobecrammedintothehugewaterjarstheninuse;distasteful,doubtless,wasthisoutcrytothosewhocausedit;moreover,itwaslikelytohaveunpleasantconsequences.
现在我有时想,为什么我们的仆人会给我们以这样残酷的待遇。我不能承认那全是因为我们的行动态度有什么不好的地方,致使他们把我们放在人类仁慈的界限以外。真正的理由一定是我们的一切负担完全放在仆人的身上,这全部负担就是对于最亲近的人,也是一件难于担承的东西。只要让孩子做孩子的事,让他们跑跑玩玩,满足了他们的好奇心,事情就很简单了。无法解决的问题的造成,就是因为你要把他们禁闭在屋里,叫他们老老实实地呆着,或是禁止他们做游戏。这时候,由于他们的孩子气而轻松地产生的负担,就沉重地落在监护人的身上——就像寓言里的马,不让它自己用脚走而把它扛了起来,虽然为这个负担花钱雇来了扛夫,可也不能阻止他们从这可怜的畜生身上,每一步拿走一点负担。
Inowsometimeswonderwhysuchcrueltreatmentwasmetedouttousbytheservants.Icannotadmitthattherewasonthewholeanythinginourbehaviourordemeanourtohaveputusbeyondthepaleofhumankindness.Therealreasonmusthavebeenthatthewholeofourburdenwasthrownontheservants,andthewholeburdenisathingdifficulttobearevenforthosewhoarenearestanddearest.Ifchildrenareonlyallowedtobechildren,torunandplayaboutandsatisfytheircuriosity,itbecomesquitesimple.Insolubleproblemsareonlycreatedifyoutrytoconfinetheminside,keepthemstillorhampertheirplay.Thendoestheburdenofthechild,solightlybornebyitsownchildishness,fallheavilyontheguardian--likethatofthehorseinthefablewhichwascarriedinsteadofbeingallowedtotrotonitsownlegs:andthoughmoneyprocuredbearersevenforsuchaburdenitcouldnotpreventthemtakingitoutoftheunluckybeastateverystep.
对于我们童年时代的大多数暴君,我只记得他们的拳打手击,此外什么也想不起了。只有一个人物在我的记忆里屹立着。
OfmostofthesetyrantsofourchildhoodIrememberonlytheircuffingsandboxings,andnothingmore.Onlyonepersonalitystandsoutinmymemory.
他的名字叫做艾思瓦。他做过乡村教师。他是一个正经、规矩、稳静、庄严的人。对于他,大地仿佛泥土气太重了,水也太少了,不能使土地够得上干净;因此他必须和这长期的肮脏情况作**战。他以闪电般的动作把水桶戳进水里,为的是要从不会玷污的深处取水。他就是那个在水塘里洗澡的时候,不住地把水面的脏东西拨开,直到仿佛出其不意地猛然钻进水里去的人。在走路的时候,他的胳臂撑出老远,我们觉得似乎他连自己衣服的干净程度,也不肯相信。他的全部举止动作都显示出一种努力,要扫除一切通过没有设防的道路而进到土地、水、空气和人身的秽物。他的严肃是深不见底的。他把头略偏着,用浑沉的嗓子咀嚼着精选的语言。他的文学辞令给大人们以背后说笑的资料,有些夸张的章句在我们家的妙语节目上占有永远的地位。但是我疑惑他所用的语法在今天是否还是那样地好听;文言和口语从前有天地之别,现在却已经接近了。
HisnamewasIswar.Hehadbeenavillageschoolmasterbefore.Hewasaprim,properandsedatelydignifiedpersonage.TheEarthseemedtooearthyforhim,withtoolittlewatertokeepitsufficientlyclean;sothathehadtobeinaconstantstateofwarfarewithitschronicsoiledstate.Hewouldshoothiswater-potintothetankwithalightningmovementsoastogethissupplyfromanuncontaminateddepth.Itwashewho,whenbathinginthetank,wouldbecontinuallythrustingawaythesurfaceimpuritiestillhetookasuddenplungeexpecting,asitwere,tocatchthewaterunawares.Whenwalkinghisrightarmstoodoutatananglefromhisbody,asif,soitseemedtous,hecouldnottrustthecleanlinessevenofhisowngarments.Hiswholebearinghadtheappearanceofanefforttokeepclearoftheimperfectionswhich,throughunguardedavenues,findentranceintoearth,waterandair,andintothewaysofmen.Unfathomablewasthedepthofhisgravity.Withheadslightlytiltedhewouldmincehiscarefullyselectedwordsinadeepvoice.Hisliterarydictionwouldgivefoodformerrimenttooureldersbehindhisback,someofhishigh-flownphrasesfindingapermanentplaceinourfamilyrepertoireofwitticisms.ButIdoubtwhethertheexpressionsheusedwouldsoundasremarkableto-day;showinghowtheliteraryandspokenlanguages,whichusedtobeasskyfromearthasunder,arenowcomingnearereachother.
这位前教师发明一种使我们晚上安静的方法。每天晚上他把我们召集在一盏破的蓖麻油灯的周围,对我们读《罗摩衍那》和《摩诃婆罗多》。别的仆人也来听着。油灯把巨大的影子投射到屋梁上,小壁虎在墙上捉着虫子,蝙蝠在外面凉台上飞来飞去地跳着疯僧舞,我们安静地张着嘴听着。
Thiserstwhileschoolmasterhaddiscoveredawayofkeepingusquietintheevenings.Everyeveninghewouldgatherusroundthecrackedcastor-oillampandreadouttousstoriesfromtheRamayanaandMahabharata.Someoftheotherservantswouldalsocomeandjointheaudience.Thelampwouldbethrowinghugeshadowsrightuptothebeamsoftheroof,thelittlehouselizardscatchinginsectsonthewalls,thebatsdoingamaddervishdanceroundandroundtheverandahsoutside,andwelisteninginsilentopen-mouthedwonder.
我还记得我们听到俱舍和罗婆的故事的那一天晚上,那两个英勇的孩子要把父亲伯叔的声名糟蹋得尘土不如的时候,紧张的沉默使得这间灯光昏暗的屋子洋溢着热烈的悬望。那时已经很晚了,我们指定的不睡的时间快要过完了,而结局还远得很。
Istillremember,ontheeveningwecametothestoryofKushaandLava,andthosetwovaliantladswerethreateningtohumbletothedusttherenownoftheirfatheranduncles,howthetensesilenceofthatdimlylightedroomwasburstingwitheageranticipation.Itwasgettinglate,ourprescribedperiodofwakefulnesswasdrawingtoaclose,andyetthedenouementwasfaroff.
在这紧要关头,我父亲的长随基肖里就来帮忙,用达苏拉亚[达苏拉亚(1806-1857),用孟加拉语写作的印度诗人。
]的铿锵快步的诗句飞速地替我们结束了这个插曲。克里狄瓦斯的十四字的柔缓歌调的印象,一扫而空,我们被韵律和头韵的洪流卷走了。
Atthiscriticaljuncturemyfather’soldfollowerKishoricametotherescue,andfinishedtheepisodeforus,atexpressspeed,tothequickstepofDasuraya’sjinglingverses.TheimpressionofthesoftslowchantofKrittivasa’sfourteen-syllabledmeasurewassweptcleanawayandwewereleftoverwhelmedbyafloodofrhymesandalliterations.
有时候读着故事会引起关于经典的讨论。最后总是按照艾思瓦的智慧深奥的宣言来断定。他虽是看管孩子的仆人之一,他的地位在我们家庭社会中是在许多人之下的,但是他就像《摩诃婆罗多》里的毕斯玛老爷爷一样,他的威仪是会把他从下面的地位提升上来的。
Onsomeoccasionsthesereadingswouldgiverisetoshastricdiscussions,whichwouldatlengthbesettledbythedepthofIswar’swisepronouncements.Though,asoneofthechildren’sservants,hisrankinourdomesticsocietywasbelowthatofmany,yet,aswitholdGrandfatherBhismaintheMahabharata,hissupremacywouldassertitselffromhisseat,belowhisjuniors.
我们这位庄严的、受人尊敬的仆人有一个弱点,为了历史的正确性,我觉得我不得不提到。他吸食**。因此他贪求丰美的饮食。当他早晨给我们送牛奶的时候,他心里对牛奶的吸引力就大于排拒力。如果我们稍为露出一点对于这顿早餐自然的嫌恶表情,那么即使他对我们的健康负责,他也不会一再地勉强我们吞咽下去的。
Ourgraveandreverendservitorhadoneweaknesstowhich,forthesakeofhistoricalaccuracy,Ifeelboundtoallude.Heusedtotakeopium.Thiscreatedacravingforrichfood.Sothatwhenhebroughtusourmorninggobletsofmilktheforcesofattractioninhismindwouldbegreaterthanthoseofrepulsion.Ifwegavetheleastexpressiontoournaturalrepugnanceforthismeal,nosenseofresponsibilityforourhealthcouldprompthimtopressitonusasecondtime.
他在我们对于固体食物的吸收力上,也有狭隘的见解。我们坐在晚餐桌上,一只又厚又大的圆木盘上面堆着油炸薄饼,放在我们面前。他开始小心谨慎地从相当的高度把几块饼丢到我们的碟子里,就怕把自己弄脏[达苏拉亚(1806-1857),用孟加拉语写作的印度诗人。
]了——这饼就像是凭着暴力从神人那里强夺过来不愿施予的恩赐一样,在他迅速而冷淡的手法之中落了下来。以后他就问是不是要他再分一点。我知道那个最使他感激的回答,为了不使他吃亏,我就不再要了。
Iswaralsoheldsomewhatnarrowviewsastoourcapacityforsolidnourishment.Wewouldsitdowntooureveningrepastandaquantityof"luchis"heapedonathickroundwoodentraywouldbeplacedbeforeus.Hewouldbeginbygingerlydroppingafewoneachplatter,fromasufficientheighttosafeguardhimselffromcontamination--likeunwillingfavours,wrestedfromthegodsbydintofimportunity,didtheydescend,sodexterouslyinhospitablewashe.Nextwouldcometheinquirywhetherheshouldgiveusanymore.Iknewthereplywhichwouldbemostgratifying,andcouldnotbringmyselftodeprivehimbyaskingforanotherhelp.
艾思瓦还受托管理我们每天下午的点心钱。他每天早晨就问我们想吃什么。我们知道说出最便宜的东西他会认为是最好的,所以有时我们就要一点小吃的炒米花,有时要一种不容易消化的煮豆或是炒花生。很明显,艾思瓦对于我们的饮食并不像对经典那样地用功和死板。
ThenagainIswarwasentrustedwithadailyallowanceofmoneyforprocuringourafternoonlightrefreshment.Hewouldaskuseverymorningwhatweshouldliketohave.Weknewthattomentionthecheapestwouldbeaccountedbest,sosometimesweorderedalightrefectionofpuffedrice,andatothersanindigestibleoneofboiledgramorroastedgroundnuts.ItwasevidentthatIswarwasnotaspainstakinglypunctiliousinregardtoourdietaswiththeshastricproprieties.
5师范学校
TheNormalSchool
在东方学校的时候,我发明一个方法来提高我的作为学生的地位。在我们凉台的犄角上,我成立了一个班。木头栏杆是我的学生,我做老师,拿着一根棍子坐在他们面前。我决定哪一个是好学生,哪一个是坏学生——不但如此,以后我还能分别哪个安静哪个淘气,哪个聪明哪个笨。那几根坏栏杆假如是活的话,一定也被我打得连鬼都不愿当了。而且我越把他们打怕了,他们就越生我的气,直到我不知道怎样才能责罚个够。我是怎样专横地**我那一班可怜的哑巴学生,现在已经没有证据可寻了。我的木头学生已被铸铁的栏杆所代替,新的一代没有受过这种教育——他们永远不会有同样的印象。
WhileattheOrientalSeminaryIhaddiscoveredawayoutofthedegradationofbeingamerepupil.Ihadstartedaclassofmyowninacornerofourverandah.Thewoodenbarsoftherailingweremypupils,andIwouldacttheschoolmaster,caneinhand,seatedonachairinfrontofthem.Ihaddecidedwhichwerethegoodboysandwhichthebad--nay,further,Icoulddistinguishclearlythequietfromthenaughty,thecleverfromthestupid.Thebadrailshadsufferedsomuchfrommyconstantcaningthattheymusthavelongedtogiveuptheghosthadtheybeenalive.Andthemorescarredtheygotwithmystrokestheworsetheyangeredme,tillIknewnothowtopunishthemenough.Noneremaintobearwitnessto-dayhowtremendouslyItyrannisedoverthatpoordumbclassofmine.Mywoodenpupilshavesincebeenreplacedbycast-ironrailings,norhaveanyofthenewgenerationtakenuptheireducationinthesameway--theycouldneverhavemadethesameimpression.
从那时起我体会到学方法比学内容不知道要容易多少。我毫不费力地就从老师们的表现上学到了一切暴躁、性急、偏心和不公平,而没有学到其他的教学方法。我唯一的安慰就是,我还没有在任何有知觉的生物身上发泄野蛮行为的力气。但是,我的木头学生和东方学校学生的差别,并不妨碍我的心理和东方学校教师完全一致。
Ihavesincerealisedhowmucheasieritistoacquirethemannerthanthematter.WithoutanefforthadIassimilatedalltheimpatience,theshorttemper,thepartialityandtheinjusticedisplayedbymyteacherstotheexclusionoftherestoftheirteaching.MyonlyconsolationisthatIhadnotthepowerofventingthesebarbaritiesonanysentientcreature.NeverthelessthedifferencebetweenmywoodenpupilsandthoseoftheSeminarydidnotpreventmypsychologyfrombeingidenticalwiththatofitsschoolmasters.
我在东方学校的时间不会太长,因为我进师范学校的时候年纪还是很小。我只记得一个特点,就是在上课之前,所有的孩子都在廊上坐成一排,吟唱一些诗句——显然是想在日课里加进一些快活的成分。
IcouldnothavebeenlongattheOrientalSeminary,forIwasstilloftenderagewhenIjoinedtheNormalSchool.TheonlyoneofitsfeatureswhichIrememberisthatbeforetheclassesbeganalltheboyshadtositinarowinthegalleryandgothroughsomekindofsingingorchantingofverses--evidentlyanattemptatintroducinganelementofcheerfulnessintothedailyroutine.
不幸的是这些字是英国字,调子也是外国味儿的,所以我们一点不知道我们是在练习着什么咒语,而这无意义的单调的表演也不能使我们快活。但是这并没有妨害准备这个款待的学校当局的严肃的自满;他们认为去检查他们恩赐的措施结果是多余的:他们也许认为孩子们没有顺从地快活是有罪的。无论如何他们很满足于应用那些他们找到的歌,连歌带曲都是从那本提供这理论的英文书上来的。
UnfortunatelythewordswereEnglishandthetunequiteasforeign,sothatwehadnotthefaintestnotionwhatsortofincantationwewerepractising;neitherdidthemeaninglessmonotonyoftheperformancetendtomakeuscheerful.Thisfailedtodisturbthesereneself-satisfactionoftheschoolauthoritiesathavingprovidedsuchatreat;theydeemeditsuperfluoustoinquireintothepracticaleffectoftheirbounty:theywouldprobablyhavecounteditacrimefortheboysnottobedutifullyhappy.Anyhowtheyrestedcontentwithtakingthesongastheyfoundit,wordsandall,fromtheself-sameEnglishbookwhichhadfurnishedthetheory.
这段英文到了我们嘴里所变成的语言,只能请语言学家去揣摩了。我只记得一行:
Kallokeepullokeesingillmellalingmellalingmellaling
ThelanguageintowhichthisEnglishresolveditselfinourmouthscannotbutbeedifyingtophilologists.Icanrecallonlyoneline:
"Kallokeepullokeesingillmellalingmellalingmellaling."
想了半天以后我才能猜到一部分原文。那个Kallokee是哪一个英文字变成的我还不清楚。余下的我猜是:
……fullofglee,singingmerrily,merrily,merrily!(高兴之极,快乐地,快乐地,快乐地唱!)
AftermuchthoughtIhavebeenabletoguessattheoriginalofapartofit.Ofwhatwords"kallokee"isthetransformationstillbafflesme.TherestIthinkwas:
"...fullofglee,singingmerrily,merrily,merrily!"
当我对于师范学校的回忆从模糊渐渐清晰的时候,这些回忆一点都不甜蜜。我如果能和大一点的孩子接近的话,学习的苦痛也许不至那样地难于忍受。但那终于是不可能的——大多数孩子在举止习惯上是那样讨厌。因此在课间休息的时候,我就跑到二层楼上,整段时间我坐在窗口看街。我数着:一年——两年——三年,心想不知有多少年头要这样度过。
AsmymemoriesoftheNormalSchoolemergefromhazinessandbecomeclearertheyarenottheleastsweetinanyparticular.HadIbeenabletoassociatewiththeotherboys,thewoesoflearningmightnothaveseemedsointolerable.Butthatturnedouttobeimpossible--sonastyweremostoftheboysintheirmannersandhabits.So,intheintervalsoftheclasses,Iwouldgouptothesecondstoreyandwhileawaythetimesittingnearawindowoverlookingthestreet.Iwouldcount:oneyear--twoyears--threeyears,wonderinghowmanysuchwouldhavetobegotthroughlikethis.
在教员当中我只记得一位,他的语言是那么肮脏,只因看不起他,我坚决拒绝回答他的任何问题。这样我终年沉默地坐在他班里的末一个座位上,在别人都忙着的时候,我就被丢在一边,去努力解决许多疑难问题。
OftheteachersIrememberonlyone,whoselanguagewassofoulthat,outofsheercontemptforhim,Isteadilyrefusedtoansweranyoneofhisquestions.ThusIsatsilentthroughouttheyearatthebottomofhisclass,andwhiletherestoftheclasswasbusyIwouldbeleftalonetoattemptthesolutionofmanyanintricateproblem.
问题之一,我记得,我曾深深地考虑如何才能不用武器而战胜敌人。我至今还记得,在同学们哼哼地背诵功课的声音当中,我如何在这问题上出神。如果我能训练出一些狗、老虎和其他凶猛的动物,在战场上摆上几行,这样,我认为,可以作为激励士气的前奏。以后再把我们的人力涌上前去,胜利是一定可以取得的。当这个奇妙而简单的战略图画,在我的想象中越来越鲜明生动的时候,我方的胜利就变成不容置疑的了。
Oneofthese,Iremember,onwhichIusedtocogitateprofoundly,washowtodefeatanenemywithouthavingarms.Mypreoccupationwiththisquestion,amidstthehumoftheboysrecitingtheirlessons,comesbacktomeevennow.IfIcouldproperlytrainupanumberofdogs,tigersandotherferociousbeasts,andputafewlinesoftheseonthefieldofbattle,that,Ithought,wouldserveverywellasaninspiritingprelude.Withourpersonalprowessletloosethereafter,victoryshouldbynomeansbeoutofreach.And,asthepictureofthiswonderfullysimplestrategywaxedvividinmyimagination,thevictoryofmysidebecameassuredbeyonddoubt.
在工作没有来到生活中之前,我总发现很容易找到成功的捷径,从我工作以后,我发现冷酷的还是真冷酷,困难的也真是困难。这个,当然不那么愉快,但是还不像努力去寻找捷径的不快那样糟糕。
WhileworkhadnotyetcomeintomylifeIalwaysfounditeasytodeviseshortcutstoachievement;sinceIhavebeenworkingIfindthatwhatishardishardindeed,andwhatisdifficultremainsdifficult.This,ofcourse,islesscomforting,butnowherenearsobadasthediscomfortoftryingtotakeshortcuts.
在这班中的一年终于过去了,我们接受瓦查斯帕蒂老师用孟加拉语的考试。在所有的学生当中我得到最高的分数。那位教师向教育当局控诉说,在我的考试上有了徇私。因此我又考了第二次,校长坐在考官的旁边,这一次,我还是考了第一。
Whenatlengthayearofthatclasshadpassed,wewereexaminedinBengalibyPanditMadhusudanVachaspati.Igotthelargestnumberofmarksofalltheboys.Theteachercomplainedtotheschoolauthoritiesthattherehadbeenfavouritisminmycase.SoIwasexaminedasecondtime,withthesuperintendentoftheschoolseatedbesidetheexaminer.Thistime,also,Igotatopplace.
6做诗
Versification
这时候我还不到八岁,我堂兄的儿子乔提比我大几岁。他刚开始读英国文学,用很大的兴味背诵哈姆雷特的独白。他为什么想起让像我这样的孩子来写诗,我也说不出。有一天下午他把我叫到屋里去,让我试写一首诗,他又给我讲十四字诗帕耶尔韵[一种三节拍的韵律。
]的句法。
Icouldnothavebeenmorethaneightyearsoldatthetime.Jyoti,asonofanieceofmyfather’s,wasconsiderablyolderthanI.HehadjustgainedanentranceintoEnglishliterature,andwouldreciteHamlet’ssoliloquywithgreatgusto.Whyheshouldhavetakenitintohisheadtogetachild,asIwas,towritepoetryIcannottell.Oneafternoonhesentformetohisroom,andaskedmetotryandmakeupaverse;afterwhichheexplainedtometheconstructionofthepayarmetreoffourteensyllables.
到那时为止我只看到印在书本上的诗——没有划掉的错字。看去没有疑问,没有麻烦或是任何人类的弱点。我甚至于不敢想象我的任何努力能够创作出这样的诗歌。
Ihaduptothenonlyseenpoemsinprintedbooks--nomistakespennedthrough,nosigntotheeyeofdoubtortroubleoranyhumanweakness.Icouldnothavedaredeventoimaginethatanyeffortofminecouldproducesuchpoetry.
有一天我们家里捉住一个小偷。被好奇心所驱使,我虽然恐怖发抖,也冒着危险去偷看他。我发现他不过是一个普通人!当他受到我们看门人的一点**的时候,我感到很深的怜悯。我对于诗也有同样的经验。
Onedayathiefhadbeencaughtinourhouse.Overpoweredbycuriosity,yetinfearandtrembling,Iventuredtothespottotakeapeepathim.Ifoundhewasjustanordinaryman!Andwhenhewassomewhatroughlyhandledbyourdoor-keeperIfeltagreatpity.Ihadasimilarexperiencewithpoetry.
当我凭着自己温柔的意志,把几个字穿在一起的时候,我发现它们变成一首帕耶尔诗。我感到我对于做诗的光荣的幻象已经没有了。所以直到现在,当可怜的“诗”受到**的时候,我觉得我就像想到那个小偷一样的不快。有好几次我感动到了怜悯的地步,但又控制不住那痒痒地要去袭击他的烦躁的手。小偷们很少受过那么大的痛苦,也没有受过那么多人的**。
When,afterstringingtogetherafewwordsatmyownsweetwill,IfoundthemturnedintoapayarverseIfeltIhadnoillusionsleftaboutthegloriesofpoetising.SowhenpoorPoetryismishandled,evennowIfeelasunhappyasIdidaboutthethief.ManyatimehaveIbeenmovedtopityandyetbeenunabletorestrainimpatienthandsitchingfortheassault.Thieveshavescarcelysufferedsomuch,andfromsomany.
第一次的敬畏情感克服了之后,再没有什么东西能够把我拉回来了。我想法求我们的一个地产管理员送我一个蓝纸的纸本。我亲手用铅笔画上不大均匀的道道,在上面用巨大的孩子式的瞎画写着诗句。
Thefirstfeelingofaweonceovercometherewasnoholdingmeback.Imanagedtogetholdofablue-papermanuscriptbookbythefavourofoneoftheofficersofourestate.WithmyownhandsIruleditwithpencillines,atnotveryregularintervals,andthereonIbegantowriteversesinalargechildishscrawl.
像一只小鹿以新生的嫩角到处乱磨,我也以萌芽的诗歌到处去麻烦人。又加上比我大一点的哥哥[作者是七个弟兄中最小的一个。这里指的是他的六哥。
]很以我的吟诗为骄傲,便在家里到处找人叫我吟诗。
Likeayoungdeerwhichbuttshere,thereandeverywherewithitsnewlysproutinghorns,Imademyselfanuisancewithmybuddingpoetry.Moresomyelderbrother,whoseprideinmyperformanceimpelledhimtohuntaboutthehouseforanaudience.
我记得,有一天我们两人从楼下地产办公室里出来,在胜利地征服了管理员之后,我们碰到《国家报》的编辑拿巴勾帕·密特刚走进门来。我哥哥赶紧拉住他说:“你看,拿巴勾帕先生,您好不好听听拉比新写的诗?”我就立刻高吟起来。
Irecollecthow,asthepairofus,oneday,werecomingoutoftheestateofficesonthegroundfloor,afteraconqueringexpeditionagainsttheofficers,wecameacrosstheeditorofTheNationalPaper,NabagopalMitter,whohadjuststeppedintothehouse.Mybrothertackledhimwithoutfurtherado:"Lookhere,NabagopalBabu!won’tyoulistentoapoemwhichRabihaswritten?"Thereadingforthwithfollowed.
我的作品还不能编成诗集。我这个诗人能把所有的大作都揣在口袋里。我的一身兼了作者、印刷者和发行者;我的六哥,作为一个宣传者,是我唯一的同事。我写了几首关于莲花的诗,就在梯口用和我的热情一样高亢的声音,朗诵给拿巴勾帕先生听。“写得好!”他微笑着说,“但是dwirepha[已不用的古字,即蜜蜂。
]是一件什么东西呀?”
Myworkshadnotasyetbecomevoluminous.Thepoetcouldcarryallhiseffusionsaboutinhispockets.Iwaswriter,printerandpublisher,allinone;mybrother,asadvertiser,beingmyonlycolleague.IhadcomposedsomeversesonTheLotuswhichIrecitedtoNabagopalBabuthenandthere,atthefootofthestairs,inavoicepitchedashighasmyenthusiasm."Welldone!"saidhewithasmile."Butwhatisa’dwirepha’?"
我不记得我从哪里搞来这么一个字。普通的名词也会同样的合韵。但是在整首诗里我对这一个字寄以最多的希望。这个字无疑是相当地感动了我们的管理员们。但奇怪的是拿巴勾帕先生对此并不屈服——相反地他微笑起来了!我确信他一定不是一个通人。我再也没有吟诗给他听。我已经比那时长大了许多,但我在什么能、什么不能在我的听众中取得了解的试验上仍无进步。无论拿巴勾帕先生怎样微笑,dwirepha这个字,像一只饮蜜而醉的蜜蜂,粘在原地不动了。
HowIhadgotholdofthiswordIdonotremember.Theordinarynamewouldhavefittedthemetrequiteaswell.ButthiswastheonewordinthewholepoemonwhichIhadpinnedmyhopes.Ithaddoubtlessdulyimpressedourofficers.ButcuriouslyenoughNabagopalBabudidnotsuccumbtoit--onthecontraryhesmiled!Hecouldnotbeanunderstandingman,Ifeltsure.Ineverreadpoetrytohimagain.Ihavesinceaddedmanyyearstomyagebuthavenotbeenabletoimproveuponmytestofwhatdoesordoesnotconstituteunderstandinginmyhearer.HoweverNabagopalBabumightsmile,theword"dwirepha",likeabeedrunkwithhoney,stucktoitsplace,unmoved.
7各种学问
VariousLearning
一位师范学校的老师也在我们家里教书。他身体瘦弱,形容枯槁,声音尖锐。他就像是一根棍子变的。他教课的时间是从早晨六点到九点半。我们跟他念的课本,从孟加拉文的普通文学科学直到《云音夜叉被戮》的叙事诗。
OneoftheteachersoftheNormalSchoolalsogaveusprivatelessonsathome.Hisbodywaslean,hisfeaturesdry,hisvoicesharp.Helookedlikeacaneincarnate.Hishourswerefromsixtohalf-past-nineinthemorning.WithhimourreadingrangedfrompopularliteraryandsciencereadersinBengalitotheepicofMeghnadvadha.
我的三哥对于我们学的各种学问非常热心。因此我们在家里学的比学校的必修课还多。我们在黎明前起身,围上腰布,跟一位盲拳师打一两套拳。立刻又在粘着尘土的身上披上外褂,开始读文学、算术、地理和历史。我们从学校回来,图画和体操老师已经在家里等着了。晚上阿哥尔先生来教我们英文。到九点以后我们才放学。
Mythirdbrotherwasverykeenonimpartingtousavarietyofknowledge.Soathomewehadtogothroughmuchmorethanwhatwasrequiredbytheschoolcourse.Wehadtogetupbeforedawnand,cladinloin-cloths,beginwithaboutortwowithablindwrestler.Withoutapausewedonnedourtunicsonourdustybodies,andstartedonourcoursesofliterature,mathematics,geographyandhistory.Onourreturnfromschoolourdrawingandgymnasticmasterswouldbereadyforus.IntheeveningAghoreBabucameforourEnglishlessons.Itwasonlyafterninethatwewerefree.
星期天早晨我们上毗湿纽的唱歌课。那时差不多每个星期天,悉达那德·杜塔来给我们作物理实验。我对后面这门功课感到很大的兴趣。我清楚地记得当他把一点锯末放在水里装进火上的瓶子里,给我们看变轻了的热水怎样往上走,冷水怎样往下来,最后又怎样开始沸腾的时候,我心中充满了惊奇的情感。在我晓得水是牛奶的一部分,牛奶煮了以后就浓了,因为水变成气飞走了,这一天我也感到非常得意。悉达那德先生若不来的话,星期日就不像一个星期日了。
OnSundaymorningwehadsinginglessonswithVishnu.Then,almosteverySunday,cameSitanathDuttatogiveusdemonstrationsinphysicalscience.Thelastwereofgreatinteresttome.Irememberdistinctlythefeelingofwonderwhichfilledmewhenheputsomewater,withsawdustinit,onthefireinaglassvessel,andshowedushowthelightenedhotwatercameup,andthecoldwaterwentdownandhowfinallythewaterbegantoboil.IalsofeltagreatelationthedayIlearntthatwaterisaseparablepartofmilk,andthatmilkthickenswhenboiledbecausethewaterfreesitselfasvapourfromtheconnexion.SundaydidnotfeelSunday-likeunlessSitanathBabuturnedup.
此外还有一个钟头,由一位康贝尔医学校的学生来给我们讲人身骨骼。因此我们的课室里挂着一架用铁丝连系起来的骷髅和骨殖。最后,还找个时间由塔瓦拉拿先生来教我们死记梵文文法。我不敢说是骨头的名字还是文法家的“经文”更能磨烂人的下巴骨。我想后者是要远远领先。
TherewasalsoanhourwhenwewouldbetoldallabouthumanbonesbyapupiloftheCampbellMedicalSchool,forwhichpurposeaskeleton,withthebonesfastenedtogetherbywireswashungupinourschoolroom.Andfinally,timewasalsofoundforPanditHerambaTatwaratnatocomeandgetustolearnbyroterulesofSanscritgrammar.Iamnotsurewhichofthem,thenamesofthebonesorthe"sutras"ofthegrammarian,werethemorejaw-breaking.Ithinkthelattertookthepalm.
当我们的孟加拉文有了相当进步之后,我们就开始读英文。阿哥尔先生,我们的英文教师,白天在医学院上课,晚上就来教我们。
WebegantolearnEnglishafterwehadmadeconsiderableprogressinlearningthroughthemediumofBengali.AghoreBabu,ourEnglishtutor,wasattendingtheMedicalCollege,sohecametoteachusintheevening.
书本告诉我们,火的发现是人类的最大发现之一。我不想反驳这个。但是我忍不住想到小鸟是多么幸福,因为它们的父母不能在晚上点灯。它们在清早上语言课,你一定注意到它们诵读的时候是如何地高兴。当然我们不应当忘记它们是不必学英语的!
Bookstellusthatthediscoveryoffirewasoneofthebiggestdiscoveriesofman.Idonotwishtodisputethis.ButIcannothelpfeelinghowfortunatethelittlebirdsarethattheirparentscannotlightlampsofanevening.Theyhavetheirlanguagelessonsearlyinthemorningandyoumusthavenoticedhowgleefullytheylearnthem.OfcoursewemustnotforgetthattheydonothavetolearntheEnglishlanguage!
这位医学院学生,即我们的老师,健康好到这种地步,连他的三个学生合在一起的愿望和热诚,也不能使他有一天的缺席。只有一次他为打破了头而躺了一天,那是因为医学院里的印度学生和欧亚**的学生打架,一张椅子朝他扔了过来。这是一个令人遗憾的事件;但是我们总不把它看做是个人的痛苦,而他健康的恢复,从我们看来仿佛是不必须地那样迅速。
Thehealthofthismedical-studenttutorofourswassogoodthateventheferventandunitedwishesofhisthreepupilswerenotenoughtocausehisabsenceevenforaday.Onlyoncewashelaidupwithabrokenheadwhen,ontheoccasionofafightbetweentheIndianandEurasianstudentsoftheMedicalCollege,achairwasthrownathim.Itwasaregrettableoccurrence;neverthelesswewerenotabletotakeitasapersonalsorrow,andhisrecoverysomehowseemedtousneedlesslyswift.
夜晚了。大雨像矛头似的下着。我们的巷子里水深过膝。水塘里的水都涨上花园里来了,贝尔树的灌木似的树梢露出水面。我们整个身心在愉快的雨夕涌出狂欢,就像醉花发射出它的香穗一般。我们教师该来的时间,只过了几分钟。但是还不一定……我们坐在凉台上望着巷里,可怜地注视瞭望着。忽然间,我们的心就像昏倒了似的卜卜地狂跳起来。那把熟悉的黑伞,在这样的天气之中,还不屈不挠地转过街角来了!不是别人吧?一定不会的!这个广大的世界上,也许可以找到和他一样顽强的人,但是在我们的小巷里是永远也找不到的。
Itisevening.Therainispouringinlance-likeshowers.Ourlaneisunderknee-deepwater.Thetankhasoverflownintothegarden,andthebushytopsoftheBaeltreesareseenstandingoutoverthewaters.Ourwholebeing,onthisdelightfulrainyevening,isradiatingrapturelikethe"Kadamba"floweritsfragrantspikes.Thetimeforthearrivalofourtutorisoverbyjustafewminutes.Yetthereisnocertainty……!Wearesittingontheverandahoverlookingthelanewatchingandwatchingwithapiteousgaze.Allofasudden,withagreatbigthump,ourheartsseemtofallinaswoon.Thefamiliarblackumbrellahasturnedthecornerundefeatedevenbysuchweather!Coulditnotbesomebodyelse?Itcertainlycouldnot!Inthewidewideworldtheremightbefoundanother,hisequalinpertinacity,butneverinthislittlelaneofours.
总起来回忆到他教学的时期,我们不能说阿哥尔先生是一个冷酷的人。他没有用鞭子来管束我们。连他的申斥也不到责骂的程度。但是不论他有什么个人的优点,而他教课的时间是在晚上,他所教的课目是英文!我确信对于任何一个孟加拉的孩子,就是一位天使也会像是阎王的真正的使者,如果他在孩子一天的苦闷学校生活后,点起一盏阴惨昏暗的灯来教他英文的话。
Lookingbackonhisperiodasawhole,IcannotsaythatAghoreBabuwasahardman.Hedidnotruleuswitharod.Evenhisrebukesdidnotamounttoscoldings.Butwhatevermayhavebeenhispersonalmerits,histimewas"evening",andhissubject"English"!IamcertainthatevenanangelwouldhaveseemedaveritablemessengerofYamatoanyBengaliboyifhecametohimattheendofhismiserabledayatschool,andlightedadismallydimlamptoteachhimEnglish.
我记得很清楚,有一天我们的老师希望使我们得到英国语可爱的印象,他极其热烈地为我们朗诵了从英文书里选出来的几行——我们说不出是诗还是散文,效果竟大出意外。我们是那样无礼地哄笑了起来,弄得那晚上他只好把我们都放了学。他一定体会到他的辩护是不容易的——要我们声明同意还需要好几年的争论。
HowwelldoIrememberthedayourtutortriedtoimpressonustheattractivenessoftheEnglishlanguage.Withthisobjectherecitedtouswithgreatunctionsomelines--proseorpoetrywecouldnottell--outofanEnglishbook.Ithadamostunlookedforeffectonus.Welaughedsoimmoderatelythathehadtodismissusforthatevening.Hemusthaverealisedthatheheldnoeasybrief--thattogetustopronounceinhisfavourwouldentailacontestrangingoveryears.
阿哥尔先生有时就把外面知识的清风带到我们枯燥无味的课室里。有一天他从口袋里掏出一个纸包来说:“今天我要给你们看一件造物者所创造的奇妙的东西。”说着就打开纸包取出人体上发音**的一部分,一面解释它的结构的奇妙处。
AghoreBabuwouldsometimestrytobringthezephyrofoutsideknowledgetoplayonthearidroutineofourschoolroom.Onedayhebroughtapaperparceloutofhispocketandsaid:"I’llshowyouto-dayawonderfulpieceofworkoftheCreator."Withthisheuntiedthepaperwrappingand,producingaportionofthevocalorgansofahumanbeing,proceededtoexpoundthemarvelsofitsmechanism.
我还记得那时他给我的震惊。我从前总觉得是整个人在说话——从来没有想象到说话的动作可以这样割裂来看。无论部分的结构是多么奇妙,它总不像整个人那样美好。我当时没有想到那么多,但这是我惊愕的原因。也许先生看不到这个真理,就是他用这种方法来讲这个题目,学生们是不会有热烈的反应的。
Icanstillcalltomindtheshockthisgavemeatthetime.Ihadalwaysthoughtthewholemanspoke--hadneverevenimaginedthattheactofspeechcouldbeviewedinthisdetachedway.Howeverwonderfulthemechanismofapartmaybe,itiscertainlylesssothanthewholeman.NotthatIputittomyselfinsomanywords,butthatwasthecauseofmydismay.Itwasperhapsbecausethetutorhadlostsightofthistruththatthepupilcouldnotrespondtotheenthusiasmwithwhichhewasdiscoursingonthesubject.
还有一次他带我们到医学院的解剖室里去。一具老妇人的尸首直挺挺地躺在桌上。这个并没有吓着我,但是在地上的一只切断了的人腿却使我感到极不舒服。支离割裂地来看一个人,对我似乎是那么可怕,那么荒唐,有好几天的工夫我还不能赶走那黧黑的无意义的腿的印象。
AnotherdayhetookustothedissectingroomoftheMedicalCollege.Thebodyofanoldwomanwasstretchedonthetable.Thisdidnotdisturbmesomuch.Butanamputatedlegwhichwaslyingonthefloorupsetmealtogether.Toviewmaninthisfragmentarywayseemedtomesohorrid,soabsurdthatIcouldnotgetridoftheimpressionofthatdark,unmeaninglegformanyaday.
读完了帕瑞·萨卡的第一、二册英文读本,我们就读麦克库拉克的读本。在一天之末,我们身体疲倦了,心里渴望到内院去,这本又黑又厚、充满了难字的书,内容也极不引人注意,因为在那些日于,萨拉斯瓦蒂[印度神话中掌管学识的女神。
]的母爱还不十分突出。孩子的书还不像现在的那样充满了图画。而且在每一课文的门口,都排列着一队生字的哨兵,字母都分立着。禁止通行的重音符号就像瞄准的子弹,挡住了幼稚的心的进入道路。我曾不断地向这密集的队伍进攻,但一点也打不进去。
AftergettingthroughPearySarkar’sfirstandsecondEnglishreadersweentereduponMcCulloch’sCourseofReading.Ourbodieswerewearyattheendoftheday,ourmindsyearningfortheinnerapartments,thebookwasblackandthickwithdifficultwords,andthesubject-mattercouldhardlyhavebeenmoreinviting,forinthosedays,MotherSaraswati’smaternaltendernesswasnotinevidence.Children’sbookswerenotfullofpicturesthenastheyarenow.Moreover,atthegatewayofeveryreadinglessonstoodsentinelanarrayofwords,withseparatedsyllables,andforbiddingaccentmarkslikefixedbayonets,barringthewaytotheinfantmind.Ihadrepeatedlyattackedtheirserriedranksinvain.
我们的老师就常常提到他的别的聪明学生的成绩,来使我们相形见绌。我们感到相当羞愧,对那些好学生也不发生好感,但是这些并没有驱散缠绕在那本黑书上的阴暗。
Ourtutorwouldtrytoshameusbyrecountingtheexploitsofsomeotherbrilliantpupilofhis.Wefeltdulyashamed,andalsonotwell-disposedtowardsthatotherpupil,butthisdidnothelptodispelthedarknesswhichclungtothatblackvolume.
老天爷怜悯世人,在一切沉闷的东西上都滴下了催眠剂。我们一开始读着英文,不久也就开始打盹。往眼睛里洒水或是在走廊上跑步,这样可以好些,但也不能**。如果恰巧我们的大哥从这里走过,瞥见我们这种瞌睡的苦状,我们这天晚上就被释放了。我们的瞌睡立刻就完全治好了。
Providence,outofpityformankind,hasinstilledasoporificcharmintoalltediousthings.NosoonerdidourEnglishlessonsbeginthanourheadsbegantonod.Sprinklingwaterintooureyes,ortakingarunroundtheverandahs,werepalliativeswhichhadnolastingeffect.Ifbyanychancemyeldestbrotherhappenedtobepassingthatway,andcaughtaglimpseofoursleep-tormentedcondition,wewouldgetletofffortherestoftheevening.Itdidnottakeourdrowsinessanothermomenttogetcompletelycured.